CVE Catalog

CVE-2025-22045

HighCVSS 7.8
Published: Updated: Translated: NVD NIST

Exploitation Probability (EPSS)

Low risk
0.21%

11th percentile - higher than 11% of all known CVEs

Summary

In the Linux kernel on x86, flush_tlb_range() can be used to zap PMD entries (pointers to page tables) along with corresponding PTE entries. The current implementation does not handle this case, potentially leading to incorrect TLB invalidation, especially concerning lazy TLB CPUs.

Risk Assessment

The vulnerability may allow speculative reads of stale data by TLB CPUs, and combined with future optimizations (INVLPGB) could significantly increase the risk of information leakage.

Recommendation

Apply the Linux kernel patch for x86/mm that disables last-level TLB invalidation optimizations when removing PMD entries.

Other vulnerabilities in Linux kernel

See all
Original NVD description (English source)

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/mm: Fix flush_tlb_range() when used for zapping normal PMDs On the following path, flush_tlb_range() can be used for zapping normal PMD entries (PMD entries that point to page tables) together with the PTE entries in the pointed-to page table: collapse_pte_mapped_thp pmdp_collapse_flush flush_tlb_range The arm64 version of flush_tlb_range() has a comment describing that it can be used for page table removal, and does not use any last-level invalidation optimizations. Fix the X86 version by making it behave the same way. Currently, X86 only uses this information for the following two purposes, which I think means the issue doesn't have much impact: - In native_flush_tlb_multi() for checking if lazy TLB CPUs need to be IPI'd to avoid issues with speculative page table walks. - In Hyper-V TLB paravirtualization, again for lazy TLB stuff. The patch "x86/mm: only invalidate final translations with INVLPGB" which is currently under review (see <https://lore.kernel.org/all/[email protected]/>) would probably be making the impact of this a lot worse.

Vulnerability data from NVD (NIST) · CISA KEV · EPSS