CVE-2025-21693
HighCVSS 7.8Summary
In the Linux kernel, a use-after-free (UAF) bug exists in the zswap subsystem related to the per-CPU acomp_ctx structure. During compression or decompression, preemption and migration are not disabled, so the operation may continue on a different CPU. If the original CPU is hot-unplugged while acomp_ctx is still in use, its resources may be freed, leading to a UAF.
Risk Assessment
A local attacker or system error could exploit this vulnerability to cause a kernel crash (denial of service) or potentially execute code in kernel context if properly exploited. However, this requires specific conditions, such as CPU hot-unplug during a zswap operation.
Recommendation
Update the Linux kernel to a version containing the fix (the patching commit). If updating is not possible, consider disabling zswap or avoiding CPU hot-unplug on production systems until the patch is applied.
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Original NVD description (English source)
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: mm: zswap: properly synchronize freeing resources during CPU hotunplug In zswap_compress() and zswap_decompress(), the per-CPU acomp_ctx of the current CPU at the beginning of the operation is retrieved and used throughout. However, since neither preemption nor migration are disabled, it is possible that the operation continues on a different CPU. If the original CPU is hotunplugged while the acomp_ctx is still in use, we run into a UAF bug as some of the resources attached to the acomp_ctx are freed during hotunplug in zswap_cpu_comp_dead() (i.e. acomp_ctx.buffer, acomp_ctx.req, or acomp_ctx.acomp). The problem was introduced in commit 1ec3b5fe6eec ("mm/zswap: move to use crypto_acomp API for hardware acceleration") when the switch to the crypto_acomp API was made. Prior to that, the per-CPU crypto_comp was retrieved using get_cpu_ptr() which disables preemption and makes sure the CPU cannot go away from under us. Preemption cannot be disabled with the crypto_acomp API as a sleepable context is needed. Use the acomp_ctx.mutex to synchronize CPU hotplug callbacks allocating and freeing resources with compression/decompression paths. Make sure that acomp_ctx.req is NULL when the resources are freed. In the compression/decompression paths, check if acomp_ctx.req is NULL after acquiring the mutex (meaning the CPU was offlined) and retry on the new CPU. The initialization of acomp_ctx.mutex is moved from the CPU hotplug callback to the pool initialization where it belongs (where the mutex is allocated). In addition to adding clarity, this makes sure that CPU hotplug cannot reinitialize a mutex that is already locked by compression/decompression. Previously a fix was attempted by holding cpus_read_lock() [1]. This would have caused a potential deadlock as it is possible for code already holding the lock to fall into reclaim and enter zswap (causing a deadlock). A fix was also attempted using SRCU for synchronization, but Johannes pointed out that synchronize_srcu() cannot be used in CPU hotplug notifiers [2]. Alternative fixes that were considered/attempted and could have worked: - Refcounting the per-CPU acomp_ctx. This involves complexity in handling the race between the refcount dropping to zero in zswap_[de]compress() and the refcount being re-initialized when the CPU is onlined. - Disabling migration before getting the per-CPU acomp_ctx [3], but that's discouraged and is a much bigger hammer than needed, and could result in subtle performance issues. [1]https://lkml.kernel.org/[email protected]/ [2]https://lkml.kernel.org/[email protected]/ [3]https://lkml.kernel.org/[email protected]/ [[email protected]: remove comment]
Vulnerability data from NVD (NIST) · CISA KEV · EPSS